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Kosmos (Humboldt)
''Kosmos'' (usually referred to in English as "Cosmos") is an influential treatise on science and nature written by the German scientist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt. ''Kosmos'' began as a lecture series delivered by Humboldt at the University of Berlin, and was published in five volumes between 1845 and 1862 (the fifth was posthumous and completed based on Humboldt's notes). In the first volume of ''Kosmos'', Humboldt paints a general “portrait of nature”, describing the physical nature of outer space and the earth. In the second volume he describe the history of science.〔 Widely read by academics and laymen alike, it applied the ancient Greek view of the orderliness of the cosmos (the harmony of the universe) to the Earth, suggesting that universal laws applied as well to the apparent chaos of the terrestrial world. Humboldt goes on to suggest that when one contemplates the beauty of the cosmos, one can obtain personal inspiration and a beneficial, if subjective, awareness about life.
''Kosmos'' was influenced by Humboldt’s various travels and studies, but mainly by his journey throughout the Americas. As he wrote, “it was the discovery of America that planted the seed of the Cosmos.”〔Laura Dassow Walls, ''The Passage to Cosmos: Alexander von Humboldt and the Shaping of America'' (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009).〕 Due to all of his experience in the field, Humboldt was preeminently qualified for the task to represent the universe in a single work.〔Robert B. Downs, ''Landmarks in Science: Hippocrates to Carson'' (Littleton, Colo: Libraries Unlimited, 1982), 189-191.〕 He had extensive knowledge of many fields of learning, varied experiences as a traveler, and the resources of the scientific and literary world at his disposal.〔
''Kosmos'' was highly popular when it was released, with the first volume selling out in two months, and the work translated into most European languages.〔Douglas Botting, ''Humboldt and the Cosmos'' (New York: Harper & Row, 1973), 258-262.〕 Although the natural sciences have diverged from the romantic perspective Humboldt presented in ''Kosmos'', the work is still considered to be a substantial scientific and literary achievement, having influenced subsequent scientific progress an imparted a unifying perspective to the studies of science, nature, and mankind.〔
==Background and influences==
Since the early years of the nineteenth century, Humboldt had been a world-famous figure, second in renown only to Napoleon. As the son of an aristocratic family in Prussia, he received the best education available at the time in Europe, studying under famous thinkers at the universities of Frankfurt and Göttingen. By the time he wrote ''Kosmos'', Humboldt was an esteemed explorer, cosmographer, biologist, diplomat, engineer, and citizen of the world.〔 While considered a geographer, he is accredited with contributing to most of the sciences of the natural world environment found today.〔Jeff Lee, ''Alexander von Humboldt'' (New York: American Geographical Society, 2001).〕
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